Pragmatic approach to construction and reinvention of cities in developing countries: the case of Brazzaville in the republic of Congo

Urbanization is a very old phenomenon and does not date today. For centuries, the urbanization of cities has been inevitably accelerating. In recent years, more than 50% of the world's population lives in urban areas. This percentage will increase in the coming years. Urbanization poses many problems in the cities of developing countries that require reinvention and pragmatic constructions to achieve sustainable cities. This is the case of Congo Brazzaville capital policy that is growing disproportionately and disorderly without planning methods or urbanization or even adaptation to receive a large population who moved to town in search of well being. Urbanization is a perplexed area and includes several subissues that are: socio-economic, environmental but also spatial. However, Brazzaville is in a state of total disrepair resulting in a dysfunction of the urban space. Brazzaville has inherited a colonial space with a dual character. The pragmatic reconstruction will certainly provide an adequate response to the problems facing the city of Brazzaville. The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework for the regulation and regeneration of the urban environment. Then, rethinking renaming the city of Brazzaville to ensure a pragmatic reconstruction that will allow the populations to have a radiant living environment.


Overview
Urbanization is an area realized by the construction of cities. From ancient cities to cities of the Middle Ages, today we have moved to the cities of the third millennium which are characterized by gigantic constructions, otherwise known as the "high tech" which concretize the architectural revolution of the third millennium. Urban regeneration refers to the physical, economic and social renewal of areas that have been subject to decline (Parkinson, 1989). That is the vision of comprehensive, integrated action that leads to the resolution of urban problems and aims to bring about lasting improvement in the economic, physical, social and environmental conditions of an area which has been modified (Roberts, P. and Sykes, H., 2000). Congolese cities, in this case Brazza ville, suffer from total dysfunction due to uncontrolled urbanization. Thus, it is difficult to achieve sustainable development without going through a pragmatic reconstruction which will be the necessary condition of reinventing the said ''town'' to give it a dimension of the cities of the third millennium. The concept of sustainable development has become the main repository of public planning policies and planning (Wachter, 2003).Urban development (or redevelopment), with its general mission and its less well defined goal, and urban revitalization (or rehabilitation), which, while suggesting the need for action, does not specify a precise method of approach (Couch, 1990).
Reinventing cities is based on the common vision of modernity based on desired urban change (Missilu, 2015). The process of urban change necessarily involves cycles of growth, decline and regeneration (Berry et al., 1993). This article aims to propose a new pragmatic approach to the reconstruction of cities in order to achieve sustainable cities. This work focuses on how to rebuild new cities that can enter the sphere of cities of the third millennium.

Context
Population growth in almost all African cities is becoming an inescapable phenomenon. This growth of more than 4% every year is definitely problematic, compared to the Asian cities where Latin American cities seem to be weak (Moustier and Falla, 2004). Indeed, population growth in recent years has led to an increasing demand for urban infrastructure and structures. This leads to a d ysfunction of the Congolese cities and in particular Brazzaville, which is in a very difficult state of governance because of the problem of roads, waste management and the anarchic occupation of space. The city of Brazzaville formerly called ''Brazza the green'' lost its urban character of attractive and no longer gives hope of living easily. During the growing season, the living conditions of the populations are deteriorating more and more with the birth of several erosion sites observed on any urban perimeter. The city is a center of concentration, a node of communication (Lacour, 1999). It is therefore a crossroads of encounters between peoples and civilizations that confront each other culturally.
A city that succeeds in terms of sustainable development is a city whose numerous and diverse objectives of the inhabitants and the companies are reached without the cost being borne by other people or other regions (Miltin, 1994). The city is not ... a simple physical and artificial mechanism of construction. He is involved in the vital processes of people who compose; it is a product of nature, and especially of human nature (Park, Burgess and McKenzie, 1925).
During this millennium, cities have become the main centers of attraction and contribute effectively to the development of countries. In other words, the role of cities is essential in the development of the economy, creativity and technological innovation. But, it is always in the cities where the evils that undermine it are concentrated. This is the case of Brazza ville, political and administrative capital is faced with several evils. The different policies of construction and management

Make a diagnosis
Several causes are at the origin of the urban growth of the city of Bra zza ville. These causes are both endogenous and exogenous. Endogenous factors are of two types. This is particularly true of rural exodus and demographic dynamics (Vennetier, 1990). The increase in the population of Brazzaville suggests a n increase in demand for services and goods (Nzoussi, 2014d). Urban growth is based on the concept of an urban fabric that describes the city and its evolution over time. The establishment of cities and their development has given rise to an abundant legis lation. It allows urban planning at different scales to avoid uncontrolled growth (Valey, 2011). However, in the city of Brazzaville, there is an anarchic occupation of the urban space with no real rule of urbanization (Nzoussi, 2015b) .
In the context of the urban environment of the city of Bra zzaville, it is important to make a diagnosis and to know mainly the problems facing this city. When a diagnosis is made, it is a matter of detecting in the context of medicine, for example, the ills suffered by a patient who may sometimes be in a critical or even comatose condition. So what is your diagnosis? According to the French dictionary LAROUSSE, the diagnosis is the identification of a disease in the context of the suffering patient; in the framework of a structure, it is the identification of a dysfunction or a difficulty (L AROUSSE, 2011). The diagnosis is thus accompanied by a recommendation or remedy to improve performance.
Like most sub-Saharan African cities, Brazza ville is in a very complex situation due to the lack of urbanization standards, inadequate structures and adequate urban facilities. We are witnessing the slum phenomenon. Today, the phenomenon of urban cans is the product of the absence of planning in urban management (Clos, 2012). The city believes in a disproportionate manner and thus violates the norms of urbanization. Roads are continually deteriorating and the problem of sanitation is becoming increasingly blurry because of the absence of a waste management policy. In fact, waste management is not a priority for most jurisdictions and focuses on education, tax collection, agricultural services, water supply and health services (Onibokun, 2001) .Brazza ville is therefore faced with a multitude of problems that make living conditions unpleasant compared to northern cities where life is very attractive.  When it comes to taking stock of colonization, many assumptions assert that colonization has harmed Africa because; it has disorganized the traditional African society. This is all the more true since culture, languages, religion and traditional African political institutions have been supplanted by those of the West in order to facilitate cooperation. France occupied the territory of the current Congo Brazza ville through Debrazza and have built some cities throughout the territory of which Brazzaville, political and administrative capital, where urban growth has been disorganized since independence in 1960. Thus, the political capital had to have the hand put and manage the other cities as well as the localities and departments or regions.

The post-colonial period
Congo Brazzaville was a French colony which obtained its independence on August 15, 1960. After independence, the French presence was noticed. In 1960, France had no reason to restrict independence to its former colonies, especially since it was prepared to help them to pass the difficult course of the first day of independence (Mirlande, 1970). But the Congolese were not ready to manage the post-independence period. Thus, after this period, an anarchic occupation took place in Brazza ville, especially during the period when the Congo adopted the Marxist-Leninist regime where the land belonged to the people. Landowners reappeared selling land without subdivision and urbanization standards. This leads to a real anarchic occupation of the urban perimeter. The populations of the rural areas moved in urban areas not only to the conquest of space but also to look for job. This triggered a new anti-urban movement (Steve Ouma Akoth, 2013). This is due to the fact that urban settlement was not accompanied by an urban planning method. The thrust of urban populations was not planned, nor was it part of a wider economic project (Idem)

2.1.3The Brazzaville Physical Environment
The city a social reality outside the field of nature but existing in a relationship constrained with the environmen t ( Indeed, the area of the city of Bra zzaville has not been static due to rural -urban migration that accentuates the birth of peripherals areas. Because of the spatial and demographic dynamics, we can even say that the Brazza ville area is growing over the years. The population of the city of Bra zza ville has increased over the years, resulting in a major need for equipment, housing and infrastructure, as the roads constructed by the colonizers have for the most part been degraded. One can thus distinguish two phases of the growth of this population. The first is that which goes from its creation in 1880 until 1960, when the Congo gained its independence. The second phase is from independence to the present. But far from having reliable data from the pre-independence period, we present to you the post-independence data presented in the following manner.   The accumulation of the population of Brazza ville has taken place at an exponential rate in view of the above data. In 2000, Brazza ville reached more than 1 million inhabitants. In the aftermath of the fratricidal wars which tore it in the years 1990 to 1999, and after the return of peace, Bra zzaville has not ceas ed attracting the neo-city thanks to its multiple functions (political capital of the Congo, University City, Administrative city ...).
Today, out of the 4,500,000 million inhabitants of the country, Bra zzaville alone has 1,700,000 inhabitants (Statistics 2015). Its influence is therefore incontestable and constitutes a macro cephalic city.

The Urban Environment of Brazzaville
The structuring of cities by modern urbanism (functionalism, zoning, clean slate) is at the origin of dysfunctions which oblige to reconsider the very principles of town planning; The poor quality of the urban environment, the daily environment of three-quarters of Europeans, is a blind spot in urban policies; Conversely, environmental policies focus on natural and rural areas, which are sparsely populated, and urban areas are neglected (Emelianoff, 2007). The continued population growth of large African cities results in remarkable urban sprawl (Arnaud, 1998). The suburbs are still far from the center of cities and lack of basic infrastructure and employment (Dureaud et al, 2000) The types of habitat, the tenure of the land to be built in Brazzaville and the horizontal construction pose serious problems. (Moutsara, 1986). Estimated to 122,000 inhabitants in 1961,420,000 in 1981, 900,000 around the years 1998 and 1,373,382 in 2007 (Yekoka, 2008), Today its population is 1700,000 inhabitants (NCSEC, 2015).

Socio -Economic Environment
The city plays a vital role as the engine of the economy, place of connectivity, creati vity and innovation and service center (European Union, 2011). The city is not only the only chance of obtaining a monetary income but also of access to better conditions of physical well-being: "good eating", "having health", fundamental concerns in a potentially rich country, But underdeveloped (Dorier Apprill, 1993). As a city, Brazza ville in reality has to be an attractive city where it is good to live and thus giving multiple jobs to young people and providing them a better living conditions. But the reality is quite the opposite Unlike the many cities in African countries that attract investors and tourists and businessmen each year, Brazzaville offers rather bitter evidence due to many dysfunctions observed in the city (increasing insecurity, ch ronic unemployment of young people, Lack of electricity ...) . The economic environment thus shows a slowdown and many unemployed young people. According to the Doing Business report, a rating agency of the World Bank, published in 2014 in the Congo is 185th out of 189 countries (1). That is to say that the business climate is very detrimental to Congo in general and Brazzaville in particular.
Today with the fall of the oil barrel, the main economic source of the country, there are abusive dismissals especially in th e private sector buildings and public works are also affected. While the cities are engines of growth and development poles.

Habitability: habitable city
To manage and govern a city is to anticipate not being surprised in the future of the mutations that result either from the spatial dynamics or from the growth of the population. In a city, for example, citizen groupings and neighborhoods are not created accidentally, but are determined by several factors (Soubrier, 2000). The growth of the population is always accompanied by multiple consequences, which are very often detrimental.
Indeed, with population growth, urbanization has been based on the densification of existing neighborhoods or on the occupation, on the outskirts of cities, of undeveloped land (...) giving rise to sub -integrated neighborhoods. These are areas where the situation quickly turns to disaster during the rainy box (2). Bra zzaville does not give the atmosphere of a habitable city because a habitable city guarantees: decent housing, a well and sanitized environment, quality structures and infrastructures, transport quality ... Essentially a city is the one that ensures and guarantees better conditions and quality of life. This common goal leads all responsible agencies and citizens to o vercome their differences and coordinate their responses to continuously improve their cities (3). Cities have constantly changed since the beginning of civilization. In response to physical and socio-economic factors, they have increased, decreased or underwent major restructuring (Couch, 1990). This table below is a habitable city model. Physical (Parks, stadium, gymnasium, museum, museums, museums, museums, etc.) Art galleries, theaters, fashion houses, green spaces, etc.).

Political
Local governments take effective action to maintain livability; Decentralization is the pattern of a higher efficiency in governance.

Environmental
Protection of natural, built and historic environment; Preserve ecosystem Socioeconomic A livable city promotes social cohesion; It develops supporti ve services (trans port, education), sanitation, livelihood, sport activates health services (clean water and medical).
A livable, industrial production, labor mark ets, trade practices and financial resources.

Reconstruction process in urban context
Historically, men often find adequate solutions to the problems facing them. They put in place all the strategies that are necessary to improve their daily lives. While all public policies are concerned, some are more than others (Epstein, 2013). In the same way as the world evolves, urban architecture evolves and changes considerably. That is why we are talking about the refunding or reconstruction of cities which is a salutary process. Reconstruction serves as a formula for reversing disruptive changes. Throughout history, cities have been affected by different phenomena, causing disruptive changes that undermine the quality of life (Missilu, 2015). It is difficult to define urban space, the city because of the spatial dynamics (Lefèvre, 1998) .Thus the table below shows the situations that have a negative impact on cities.  This table shows the phenomena that have a negative impact on the reconstruction of a city. Some cities were rebuilt after several events both natural and historical. This is the case of Hiroshima and Nagasaki that suffered nuclear bombing during the 2nd World War. This is also true for Russian and European cities that have suffered German bombing. In 2004, Southeast Asia was damaged by the hurricane, in 2011, the Fukushima disaster also permanently weakened Japan. In 1986, the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in Ukraine also caused significant human and material damage.

Classic Reconstruction: Reconstruction Based on cultural heritage
It is a model based on the preservation of heritage and cultural heritage. This is very noticeable in European cities which have undergone warfare many modifications after their construction and reconstruction. Here, architecture has not evolved much and serves to conserve archeology, picturesque works and museums.
Clearly, European countries are the true masters of this model, because architecture must preserve the historical and cultural heritage and must serve several generations. This is why we note that these cities are old and that their faces have not changed war for several years. This model, although classic, is now outdated due to the changes linked to the evolution of the world architecture.

Pragmatic reconstruction
It is the model based on the practice which is the archetype of the materialization of the high technology with constructions of high standing. It is a process in place to create ultra modern cities meets the requirements of the cities of the 3rd millennium. It is therefore the creation of ultra modern and sophisticated cities based on technological principles. Pragmatic construction thus gives birth to utopian cities. In fact, utopia is the expression of the desire for a better way of being and living (Levitas, 1990).
Indeed, in this urban millennium, many developing countries are transforming their cities, for in the years to come more than half of the world' s population will be urbanized. By practicing pragmatic construction, Chinese cities are modernizing and becoming more like North American cities, with Australian and Japanese business centers embodying the CBD (Central Business District). The restructuring of Chinese cities is a local process which operates and provides global processes (Missilu, 2015). It presents an exciting intellectual challenge to the understanding of global processes in different geographical contexts (Laurence JC Ma and Fulong Wu, 2005).
In relation to its pragmatic construction can serve as an example in the reconstruction and modernization of Brazzaville. Chinese cities have become increasingly westernized (Idem) .This has been made possible thanks to the pragmatic construction.

The Creative Reconstruction
People want the right answers, they try to find appropriate solutions to problems, when people want a different way of doing things they adopt innovative approach. The innovation is the introduction or implementation of a new method, practice, policy or service (Van de Ven, 1980). Indeed, innovation is the introduction of a new idea, the ability to create or invent. The term "innovation" is often used, and the distinction between creativity and innovation is important. (Sternberg and Lubart 1999) defines creativity as "the ability to produce and both new (that is to say original, unexpecte d) and appropriate (that is to say useful, adaptive). Creativity / innovation is related to the organizational / cultural climate (...) (Burns and Stalker, 1961) .In other words, creativity is the generation of new and useful ideas, mainly to the individua l (Amabile et al., 1996).
A country must seek modern says has created innovating. Creative reconstruction is very useful for the reconstruction of the Congolese cities in general and particularly Bra zzaville. It is an essential and useful need to regenerate and rebuild Brazzaville to what provides good quality of life to its population. Social innovation is based on experiments to find new solutions to unresolved social problems (Chambon, David and Deverey 1982;Lévesque, 2007). Technical innovation is the result of practices and social experiences (Flichy 1995). Organizational innovation is the creative transgression of established rules (Alter, 2000). The innovation process occurs in an organization (..) (Dosi, 1988).
Clearly, the creative reconstruction brings many positive aspects in the modernization and development of a city.

4.3-The concept of sustainable and intelligent city
A sustainable city is a term that refers to a city or urban unit respecting the principles of sustainable development and the ecological urbanism , which seeks to simultaneously take into account the social, economic, environmental and cultural of the planning for and with locals for example through an architecture (..) , facilitating work and modes sober , developing the efficiency point of view of the consumption of energy and natural resources and renewable (4) . The smart city is one that can both attract and retain businesses employing highly skilled labor ( 5 ). The latter forms a pole of skills essential for specialization in high-end products to meet competition from low-wage countries (Bouinot, 2004) .The smart city can be easily combined with that of sustainable urban and regional development. The rapid development of new technologies and their uses in urban governance, transport management, accumulated real estate projects and public spaces in a coherent area (European Union, 2011).
Through these definitions we realize that a sustainable city is one that meets the requirements of the cities of the third millennium and provides pleasant living conditions to its population. Thus, we can say that some Western cities are sustainable cities under that definition. But Brazza ville is far from achieving its objectives and is in the forefront of these cities. Therefore, a reconstruction and a more appropriate approach are needed in this city so that it can meet the needs of its growing population.
Brazzaville must: meet the challenges of an integrated and comprehensive manner; matching approaches territories with those focused on individuals or specific groups; combine formal government structures with flexible informal governance structures and tailored to the scale of existing challenges; develop governance systems to bring out shared visions that reconcile divergent objectives and different models of development etc. (European Union, 2011) .Thus, it could become a sustainable city and ensure full employment and structures convenient to its population.

Urban governance of proximity reinforced as a governance approach of the city of Brazzaville
Urban governance is strengthened near a new vision that we set up in city governance. In the light of modernity, and especially oblivion by the state to take o ver the crucial problems of the people especially in the outlying areas of the city of Brazzaville, a wholesome approach is thus proposed, which can be useful to reduce certain problems. So men can significantly improve their quality of life by identifying relevant projects in their districts, community or area. The State will play the role of guide or catalyst. Urban governance is strengthened close to this model that will serve to better identify social problems, develop competent and dynamic structures capable of playing the roles assigned to them (Nzoussi, 2017). The people themselves will be central to any action taken by those in charge of urban governance of the city of Brazzaville. Slum dwellers (...) are described as individuals without agency, their voices are seldom heard . The role of the people will be reinforced by systematic monitoring of managements bodies as communities of neighborhoods and residential areas.
John Gardner (1991) says that the decomposition of the community often leads to losing the belief that they can improve the quality of their lives through their own efforts. Despite the differences, the most comprehensive initiatives aimed at promoting the participation of residents and other stakeholders in the problem identification process establish priorities and to set priorities and then design and implement problems (Brown et al, 1996).
People who suffer in urban areas will have the means to find appropriate solutions. Thus urban governance enhanced proximity must be a new model of city governance. People living in poverty must be considered and treated in the rest of society (Goode and Eames 1996).

Conclusion
This article was intended to propose a new vision in the reconstruction and the creation of new cities in developing countries, particularly in Brazzaville. From the pragmatic building can reinvent African cities and particularly Brazzaville. Brazza ville can be reconstructed through the above approa ch. In this world, there are more and more urban than rural needs that have cultural and sustainable cities. The city is the place where the economy and ecology clash (Rosnay, 1975) .The nineteenth century urban. The majority of the world population lives in cities: they are now gathered in urban areas of the world, more people than there were people on the entire planet in 1950 ( Bochet, 2003).
In this urban millennium, content of urban transformation includes more than urban renewal, because areas th at are not developed before are also part of the urban transformation (Bayram 2006). This is provided that urban reconstruction can give rise to attractive cities, sustainable and intelligent. They are cities that have the ability to attract more people, to ensure their own development and significantly improve the living conditions of populations. The pragmatic approach is a more useful approach to the reconstruction of the city of Brazzaville.

Acknowledgements
I would like to say thanks to Professor Li Jiang Feng for his expert and professional supervision. That anyone who has helped me and has not been cited, here are the expression my sincere thanks.