Development induced Displacement

To every political policy, economic and development project, on the one side there is welfare in terms of benefits reaped by some section of population and on the other side it increases sorrows and despair to others. Each year, millions of people around the globe are relocated and resettled away from their homes, lands and livelihoods in order to make way for large-scale development projects such as dams, reservoirs, power plants, roads, plantations, urban renewal, and oil, gas, and mining projects. This forced relocation is known as development-induced displacement. Development has uprooted people not only from homes, but homelands to which they may have been tied by old ancestral bonds. Displacement deprives people from many things, some of them are fundamental to their lives, including homes, productive assets, culture, livelihoods, environmental conditions suited to their skill and practices, community networks and sense of belonging. The determination of the extant of deprivation, plight and sufferings depends on what they face at new location and resource they enjoy there. If proper compensation is being provided in terms of economic incentives and rehabilitation then both the developmental project and displacement can be justifiable. The paper will provide an overview about development induced displacement cases, how many people it affects, what are primary causes and main impacts. It will also highlight certain recommendatory measures for sustainable development and welfare oriented development enjoyed by all in equal sense.


Introduction
The proper connotation of the term development is the overall welfare increment of the society in every aspect whether economic, political and social. Development refers to the situation where both material and quality living standard of masses will increase. The most fundamental goal of economic development seems to be to advance the welfare and wellbeing of the people. But the process of development, the world is proceeding with, had created lot of sufferings and miseries to a vast sections of population. At the name of development many developmental projects had been developed and constructed in the form of dams, power projects, railway lines, economic processesing zones and many others on the private property and the holders were displaced at the name of some economic remunerations and overdues, those in the future life does not mitigate their economic and other sufferings.
Each year, millions of people around the globe are relocated and resettled away from their homes, lands and livelihoods in order to make way for large-scale development projects such as dams, reservoirs, power plants, roads, plantations, urban renewal, and oil, gas, and mining projects. This forced relocation is known as development-induced displacement.
Development has uprooted people not only from homes, but homelands to which they may have been tied by old ancestral bonds (Hoshour and Jennifer 2007). Displacement deprives people from many things, some of them are fundamental to their lives, including homes, productive assets, culture, livelihoods, environmental conditions suited to their skill and practices, community networks and sense of belonging.
Typically, economic development policies and practices promoting growth have been advocated and emphasized for the development goal of reducing or eliminating poverty: economic growth is to considered, would provide employment for the poor, purchasing power for consumers to buy what poor people could produce and a tax base with which governments could provide essential services to the poor, and built social and economical infrastructure, including schools and hospitals for making the poor and deprived sections more competitive in job markets and hence then enhance their earning capacity. The developmental practice and policies framed during the past century and the decade of current century, servicing these goals, is far from the ideals (Penz et al). So there is a paradoxical situation, the theoretical framework of development emphasizes on the overall empowerment and wellbeing of humankind while as the practical and real practice of development initiated by the construction of various economic and social infrastructure causes mass scale forced displacement and miseries and sufferings to the displaced persons.
During the 1990s, development induced displacement emerged as a major concern and a challenge to the sustainable economic development and stability of economic regimes and policies. The concern arouse because of dramatic rise in development induced displacements in the 1970s and 1980s strengthened mainly by global infrastructure boom and ruthless developmental policies coupled with painful and disastrous outcomes in resettlement experiences. A corresponding retaliation to public policies and economic regimes in the form of protests, campaigns and resistance emerge, questioned the authority of policy framers and planners at different levels. The developing hurdles and resentments necessitated fresh insights to the life worlds of affected people (Dwivedi).

Displacement Conceptualization
Displacement is described as dislocation of people from their native place and region. It often exacerbates rather than mitigates economic insecurity, helplessness and alienation. This could mean loss of economic livelihoods and communities (Siddiqui 2012). Looking to background, it can be said, that migration is of two type"s voluntary migration intended due to some economic, educational and social reasons in order to have betterment and enhance standard of living. Another is forced migration when people are forced and involuntarily they have to vacate from their residential places, economic setups, political and social systems. This type of migration better termed as displacement resulted to huge economic imbalance, unrest and insecurity in a country and world over due to the over linkage of environment and openness of economies. Displacement of human populations from the natural habitats results in a host of socio-economic impacts.
The voluntarily migration is mainly due to some economic consideration like high wages, better employment, business opportunities, good standard of education, urban style of living and modernization in skills and is intended intentionally for the welfare and development consideration. But forced migration and displacement occurred due to some social, political crisis, armed conflict, human rights violation, natural disasters, construction of some projects like dams, power projects, railway lines, mineral extraction, processing zones etc. Forced migration and displacement again can be looked in several ways one is due to natural causes which cannot be stopped, other is due to some political unrest i.e. wars, human rights violation, conflicts the solution lies in well designed political and social policies and regimes (Rwamatwara 2005). The third type of forced migration takes in course due to the construction of some developmental projects which are intended into construction only for welfare and development of masses and overall economy but there is lot of crises and sufferings to the people who are displaced due to the construction of such projects, this is a paradoxical situation. In the paper the displacement originated from the construction of developmental projects like dams, power projects, etc. is dealt with and the paper is based on secondary sources and data collected from world development reports, various published papers and articles. The main objective of paper is to locate the figures of displacement caused at the name of some prominent developmental projects in India. Further to assess the impacts and measures taken for the wellbeing of displaced people.

Development oriented Displacement
The issue of displacement is seen as necessary evil. In order to construct industries, infrastructure such as dams, mining, roads, and power projects, which are intended to serve greater welfare, certain land and property is required, which will disturb the life ecosystem of the affected society. Displacement is seen as the result of a model of development that enforces certain technical and economic choices without giving any serious consideration to those options that would involve the least social and environmental costs (Bartolome et al. 2000).
Development is a major driver of displacement and a challenge for humanitarian actors. The construction of dams, for example, forces people to move from areas to be flooded. When governments set aside land for parks or urban renewal, people are also forced out. And even when governments plan resettlement policies, affected communities are almost always worse off (Siddiqui 2012).
No precise data exists on the numbers of persons affected by development-induced displacement throughout the world.
Unlike for refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs), there are no institutions or publications dedicated to tracking and estimate overall development induced displacements, either at the global or at national levels. For an indication of magnitude, most scholars, policy-makers, and activists rely on the World Bank Environment Department"s (WBED) estimate that roughly presents, that 10 million people are displaced each year due to dam construction, urban development, and transportation and infrastructure programs (Stanley 2004). This number is shockingly high, but it still fails to account a large numbers of the displaced persons. As pointed out in the introduction, the purview of displacement here just refer only to persons physically ousted from legally acquired land in order to make way for the planned developmental projects.
Development has uprooted people not only from homes, but homelands to which they may have been tied by old ancestral bonds. The removal of people to make room for roads, railway lines, industrial plants, harbours and urban expansion and redevelopment has been evident at every centre of the world. The extent of world displacement level is a bit shown by the below given

Types of Developmental Projects and level of Displacement
Displacement or the involuntary and forced relocation of people has come to be acknowledged as among the most significant negative impacts of large water resources development projects such as dams. It is estimated that nearly 60 million people have been displaced worldwide due to the reservoirs created by large dams (McCully, P. 1996). A World Bank review of 192 projects worldwide for the period 1986 and 1993 estimated that 4 million people were displaced annually by the 300 large dams (on an average) that entered into construction every year (WCD 2000).
The primary causes of displacements induced by development over the past half century include: water supply (dams, reservoirs, irrigation); transportation (roads, highway, canals); energy (mining, power plants, oil exploration and extraction, pipelines); and With rapid urbanization occurring on a global scale, projects aimed at providing transportation, housing, electricity, water, sanitation, and other services to rapidly growing cities have emerged as major drivers of displacement.
Urban renewal and beautification schemes, often aimed at making cities attractive to tourists, have displaced the people living in the near vicinities. It is likely that the number of people affected by development induced displacement will continue to grow in the coming years; with urban growth rates exceeding six percent annually, the UN estimates that more than two billion people will be living in large cities with populations of more than one million people by the year 2025 (Hoshour and Jennifer 2007). According to the World Commission on Dams, construction of dams was the sole cause of 34% of development induced displacements in China between 1950and 1990. According to Taneja and Thakkar (2000, the construction of dams alone displaced between 21 and 40 million people in India (Terminski 2013).

Urban Infrastructure, Transportation and Displacement
Construction of roads, highways and rail transportation is currently, along with construction of dams, one of the causes of

Natural Resource Extraction and Displacement
This type includes in its domain the activities related with the exploration and extraction of minerals and metals like oil, coal, lignite, iron etc. No proper cumulative or annual statistics are available on the number of people displaced by natural resource extraction projects world-wide; however, evidence and figures from World Bank projects suggest that displacement in such projects is much lower than in many dam and urban renewal and development projects.

Development induced displacement in Indian Context
India"s economic liberalisation also known as New Economic Policy was launched in 1991, when Indian economy went for new economic reforms. The major policy change was growth centered focus. It did not make any reference to long standing problems of the Indian economy such as poverty, malnutrition, unemployment, ill health, illiteracy and The involuntary displacement of people due to acquisition of their land for developmental activities throughout India is a major issue. This resulted in widespread protests across the country. People began to protests, for example, major projects such as Sardar Sarovar, Salient Valley, the Manglore Thermal Power, the Dabhol power, Maha Mumbai Special Economic Zones (SEZ), the Nandigram SEZ, the Singur Tata Motors and so on led to great resentment among people that were displaced and affected by these projects. The Sardar Sarovar project has affected nearly 300 villages, with 163 000 people have been displaced and among them tribal population has been severely affected (Parasuraman 1999).
The Upper Krishna irrigation project (i.e. dams and reservoir) displaced about 300000 peoples.
Loss of livelihoods and displacement has become a recurring feature of Singrauli region of Madhya Pradesh state mainly due to construction of dams, power and mining since 1960s. Displacement in the region began first by the construction of Rihand dam and Govind Sagar Reservoir in the 1960s, fuelled by Thermal power projects in 1980s, which led to expansion of coal mining in the region. All these activities have generated a series of displacement and loss of livelihoods of the people in the region (Sharma and Singh 2009).
The displacement based on developmental projects leads to economic insecurity, due to loss of previously possessing resources, social insecurity, due to loss of community and society they were adjusting and living with, health insecurity, due to their deprivation form basic amenities and facilities, food insecurity because of lack of avenues to produce their own food stuffs, environmental insecurity because of over exploitation of natural resources at the disposal of displaced societies, cultural insecurity, due to varied culture and lack of adjustment and political insecurity because of recurrent agitation and protests staged by victims of developmental projects (Caspary 2007,Terminski 2013.
Measures for mitigating and minimizing the displacement problems The industries and developmental projects need to be promoted, but at the same time, the government must ensure that its destructive effects upon the people, who faces dispossession are minimised. But that cannot be realized if corporate industrialisation is only available option, under such regime, State"s leading role is being replaced by market. On the name of "virtues of free-markets" and competition, the monopolists are given enormous power to undermine very competition they are claiming to establish. The government must adopt some mechanism of land grabbing and the compensation provided that is viable both economically and socially to the affected and displaced society.
There should be proper economic estimation of all the assets which are being confiscated and destroyed by the government or private organisation for constructing projects. Consideration should be given to all economic and shadow and opportunity value of all resources which the displaced persons have to sacrifice. Every evicted displaced and dislocated person should be provided basic shelter facility, essential food, potable water and sanitation, mandatory medical and healthcare services, livelihood sources, education facilities for children, protection of human rights and also some entertainment and amusement facilities (Hoshour and Jennifer 2007).

Conclusion
Looking to regime prevailing in the world today and also in the past, it is evident that development induced displacement is inevitable. The construction of projects like dams, power houses, irrigation canals many other infrastructure is very much important and basic requirement for development both in economic and social sense. However the impacts of developmental project construction are multivariate and disastrous and are expelling larger section out of their residential places means reducing their development and growth avenues. So the is a paradoxical situation. Both the things have to go as a retaliatory mechanism. Now only possible way out to mitigate the negative impacts and reduce the sufferings is responsive government. There should be proper compensation and rehabilitation mechanism adopted for displaced persons. Medical, sanitation and educational facilities should be provided to dislocated people hence they will not feel the ignorance on the part of developmental gains proceeding to rest of the population in the world.