TiO2- CuI Nanoparticle /Ru Solid State Dye-Sensitize Solar Cells

In this work solid state dye sensitized solar cell (SSDSSC) type (ITO / TiO2/ Ru / CuI / Ag) is fabricated. The thin films are prepared by pulse laser deposition (PLD) technique under the vacuum pressure of 3×10 −3 mbar and annelid at 450 o C. In this technique Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm wavelength with (200 , 500 , 800) pulsed was used. It was noticed from (I-V) characteristics of the solar cell that the photocurrent collected from the TiO2 (NP) is increase as the number of laser pulses increase. The conversion efficiency of TiO2 is increased from 2.115% up to 5.654% and for CuI from 1.73 % to 5.19 % when the number of pulses increase from 200 up to 800.


1-1 INTRODUCTION
Visible light can be converted directly to electricity by photovoltaic cell or solar cell. Most photovoltaic cells are made from a crystalline substance called silicon, one of the earth most common materials or mulitlayer with silicon . Solar cell are typically made by slicing a large crystal of silicon into wafers and putting two separate wafers with different electrical properties together, along with wires to enable electrons to travel between layers. [1] Dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) a third generation photovoltaic cell, represents one of the most promising of several alternatives a cost effective concept for solar to electric energy conversion that has been offered to challenge conventional silicon solar cells over the past two decades [2,3] . However, comparing with the traditional energy sources, the high costs of photovoltaic devices still limit their wide applications. The organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs) have drawn an increasing interest of the considering the great potential of low production costs. An OPV is a photovoltaic solar cell that uses organic electronics-a branch of electronics that deals with conductive organic polymers or small organic molecules for light absorption and charge transport [4] .
Dye-sensitized solar cells have numerous advantages such as cheap materials, simple manufacturing process, lightweight, and environmental-friendly technology [5] However, liquid electrolyte based devices have not attained wide spread applications in the commercial market due to concerns of solvent leakage and corrosion problems from the iodide/triiodide redox couple. Many approaches to replace liquid electrolyte have been researched, for instance polymer electrolyte, ionic liquids, p-type semiconductors such as CuI or CuSCN and organic hole conductors [6] . Recently, the conversion efficiency of the SSDSC based on an organic hole conductor have achieved over 6 % Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE). These interesting results have stimulated research on the SSDSSC [7] .
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) was extensively investigated for its low cost and high energy conversion efficiency. The high-efficiency DSSCs were first reported in 1991 by O'Regan and Grätzel with a power conversion efficiency of 7.12% [8] .For further decrease the production cost meanwhile enhance device performance becomes the bottleneck for large scale application and commercialization of DSSC [9] .

1) Preparation of photo electrode
In order to prepare the SSDSSC working electrode, the ITO glass was first prepared. The area of ITO glass piece used was 2.5cm × 2.5cm. A multi-meter was used to test the resistively of the conductive sides of each glass plate. The conductive sides of the glass plates were masked from four parallel edges with scotch tape to control the thickness of the TiO2 film and to provide non-coated areas for electrical contact and to provide 1.5cm 2 surface area for deposition.
The TiO2 nanopowder deposition on the ITO conductive coated glass plates by PLD technique. After the nanocrystalline TiO2 layer was dried at RT, it was fired for 2 hour at 450ºC in a furnace.

3) Preparation of hole transport material (CuI)
After TiO2 deposited on ITO by PLD. The film is immersed in the prepared dye as mention in step three, for 24 hours at room temperature. Then CuI is deposited on the film after remove from the dye. Finally the Ag is deposited on the CuI and considered the final steps preparation of the solar cell. The construction of SSDSSC is shown in figure (1). This increase in photocurrent can be attributed to the higher surface available for dye attachment and therefore to a higher number of photo generated electrons with better conversion efficiency. From these results, we found the dominating factor to improve TiO2 nanoparticles based solar cells, higher efficiencies, must be to increase number of pulse for increase absorption from the dye because increase the thickness of theTiO2 photo electrode. D e c e m b e r 1 2 , 2 0 1 5

1-4 CONCULSTION :-
1) solar blind from (ITO/ TiO2 / Ru / CuI / Ag) is fabricated. The I-V characteristics of solar cell measurement can be noted dependence of photocurrent collected from the TiO2 (NP) on the number of pulse. The increase in the number of pulses results increase in the photocurrent, indicating the dependence of current collection efficiency on number of pulse.

2)
In a solid state dye-sensitized solar cell the electrolyte is replaced with a p-type semiconductor or organic hole conductor materials avoiding problems leakage of liquid electrolytes, Such as, CuI.

3)
I-V parameter of the solar cell with different number of pulse for CuI thin film, can be observe the increase in the number of pulses results increase in the efficiency of solar cell. D e c e m b e r 1 2 , 2 0 1 5